Toxic Shock Syndrome

Clear→ stable

Invasive bacterial

Current NYS Status

35 cases in 2024 — near the 5-year baseline of ~57.

2024 statewide cases: 35

Source: NYSDOH Annual Communicable Disease Report 2024 + 5-yr baseline

What is it?

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare but life-threatening condition caused by toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus or Group A Streptococcus. NYS had 35 cases in 2024. Staphylococcal TSS was historically associated with tampon use; streptococcal TSS is often associated with wound infections. Both forms can progress to multi-organ failure and death within hours.

How it spreads

Not contagious. TSS occurs when toxin-producing bacteria (typically Staphylococci colonizing the vaginal tract or infecting a wound) release toxins directly into the bloodstream under certain conditions — prolonged tampon use, surgical wounds, or invasive infections.

Symptoms

Sudden high fever (over 102°F), rapidly dropping blood pressure, widespread sunburn-like rash (especially palms and soles), vomiting, diarrhea, muscle aches, dizziness, and confusion. Organ failure can develop rapidly.

Who is at risk?

Menstruating people who use high-absorbency tampons, people with recent surgery or open wounds, and anyone with an invasive Group A streptococcal infection. Streptococcal TSS can occur in otherwise healthy individuals following minor injuries.

What you can do

🛡Change tampons every 4–8 hours and use the lowest absorbency tampon needed; consider alternating with pads

🛡Remove tampons before sleeping when possible, or use pads at night

⚕️Seek emergency care immediately for sudden high fever, rash, and low blood pressure — TSS requires IV antibiotics, fluids, and often ICU care

Tier B — Annual report tracking

Based on NYSDOH annual communicable disease report. Threat level reflects 2024 case counts compared to the 5-year baseline.

Seasonality: year round

This information is for general public health awareness and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.